A Plan to write an evaluation of the ways in which the European Enlightenment has influenced modern schooling

Introduction The plan includes an introduction, which will include an explanation of what European Enlightenment is and what transpired within this period, as well as the general objective of the brief, which is to evaluate the ways in which it influenced modern schooling. It will highlight the point that history and reason were the two significant characteristics of this period (e.g. Saenz 1999, p. 119; Lesaffer 2009, p. 446). The European Enlightenment and its influence on modern schooling The foregoing discussions involve the clarification of the concept of ‘modern schooling’ and an evaluation of how European Enlightenment influenced it. It will discuss the critical view of Enlightenment thinkers (e.g. Voltaire, Gibbon) on the irrationality of the past, alongside their often established incisive historical discontinuities for the sake of history and reason. False paradigms and privileges during the European Enlightenment violated the natural law and configured irrational social organisations (e.g. Saenz 1999). This is an important point in the evaluation. The evaluation will demonstrate the link between the prevalent constructs during the European Enlightenment (history and reason) and the characteristics of modern schooling. It will specifically point out that the methods and techniques of modern science could be utilised to explore and understand all areas of life (e.g. Romano 2010). Conclusion The conclusion will include a summary of important points/discussions/arguments, such as the idea of scientific method and commitment to reason that embody modern schooling. References to be used: Avrich, P. (2006) The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States. Oakland, CA: AK Press. Bartlett, R. C. (2001) The Idea of Enlightenment: A Postmodern Study. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Incorporated. Beales, D. (2005) Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth –Century Europe. I. B. Taurus & Co. Ltd. Feiner, S. (2004) The Jewish Enlightenment. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. Grell, P. and Cunningham, A. (2007) Medicine and Religion in Enlightenment Europe. England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. Grell, P. and Porter, R. (2000) Toleration in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Hille, T. (2011) Modern Schools: A Century of Design for Education. NJ: Wiley & Sons. Lesaffer, R. (2009) European Legal History: A Cultural and Political Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. Lindemann, M. (2010) Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe. NY: Cambridge University Press. Melton, J. V. H. (2001) The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Pilbeam, P. (2012) Themes in Modern European History 1780-1830. New York: Routledge. Romano, M. J. (2010) AP European History. Second Edition. NJ: Wiley & Sons. Selwyn, N. (2011) Schools and Schooling in the Digital Age: A Critical Analysis. First Edition. Oxon: Routledge. Saenz. M. (1999) The Identity of Liberation in Latin American Thought. Maryland: Lexington Books. Zafirovski, M. (2011) The Enlightenment and its Effects on Modern Society. NY: Springer.

Go and Catch a Falling Star

The poem â€Å"Song: Go and catch a falling star† was written by the cherished poet, John Donne. In this satirical poem, through a series of images, he conveys his belief on the faithfulness, or rather the unfaithfulness of women.Donne’s use of diction, allusion, imagery, sound effects, and tone create a unique richness in the language of the poem, which make it enjoyable to read. The denotations and connotations of this poem create more depth and richness. In line 5, the word â€Å"mermaid† denotes a beautiful, mythical creature. The first connotation that comes to mind is the myth because mermaids are usually thought to be fictional.This goes along with Donne’s message because he believes that finding a woman so perfect is impossible. The other connotation of the term â€Å"mermaids† is more negative because they can also connote death. Mermaids have been used in other literature to lead someone, usually men, to their downfall and death due to the ir initial innocent and alluring appearance. This connotation of mermaids goes along with Donne’s theme because the line where he hears â€Å"mermaids singing† is representing of the beauty of women luring men in false hope.Other instances of the multiple connotations are in lines 3 and 4 with â€Å"a mandrake root† and â€Å"the devil’s foot†. Both a mandrake root and a devil’s foot are mythical plants. A mandrake is a plant that, when pulled out of the ground, lets out a piercing scream that can kill someone if heard. A devil’s foot is a plant that, when powdered and lit on fire, creates a noxious smoke that can kill someone if inhaled. One connotation of these is that they have very unrealistic properties, which is similar to Donne’s belief that faithfulness is unheard of in females.The line when â€Å"get with child a mandrake root† is stated is an obvious example of an impossible task, like Donne’s belief of finding a perfect woman. A connotation of a devil’s foot is satanic because it could be thought of a part of the devil. This can be interpreted so that a woman is like the devil, a true being and bringer of evil. Another connotation of the mandrake root is sexual because the root is known to be used to help with fertility; this word is often linked with women.Also, mandrake root can appear to look like a deformed human figure, which could represent the innocent plant when the root is buried; however, once it is brought up from the ground, one can see the true appearance, which is unappealing and ugly.Allusion is very prominent in Donne’s poem. In the first stanza, there are two allusions. The first allusion is the mermaids. The mermaids mentioned in the poem allude to the Odyssey. In the Odyssey, there were mermaids sitting near a dark cave, and their voices were beautiful and alluring. When ships would sail by the cave, the sailors would hear their voices.Some crew me mbers would jump off the ship and would either drown or get pulled down by the mermaids. John Donne used the phrase â€Å"mermaids singing† to allude to Homer’s mermaids in the Odyssey because he believed that no woman had good intentions, no matter how beautiful they were.The next allusion is the mandrake root. Although a mandrake root is a real plant, it is also often used in myths that involve magic and wiccans. In the play Mandragola by Machiavelli, the mandrake root was used to create a potion. This potion was used to trick and to take advantage of a person in bed.This can be related to John Donne’s poem because he felt that women were unfaithful and would do anything to get what they want. Another allusion of the mandrake is to numerous of Shakespeare’s plays, which use the mandrake root as well. In Antony and Cleopatra, the line â€Å"Give me to drink mandragora that I might sleep out this great gap of time† and in Othello, the line â€Å"N ot poppy, nor mandragora, nor all the drowsy syrups in the world, shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep† alludes to the mandrake roots’ magical properties of making someone drowsy or bringing them to an eternal sleep.The connotation of the mandrake root where it is deadly alludes to the line in Romeo and Juliet, â€Å"Shrieks like mandrakes’ torn out of the earth† and in King Henry VI, the line â€Å"Would curses kill, as doth a mandrakes’ groan. † The imagery in the poem is used to explain how impossible it is to find a faithful woman and to over exaggerate finding this kind of lady. The mandrake root, devil’s foot, and mermaid are obvious examples of impossibility. The title of the poem, â€Å"Go and catch a falling star† is another example of something that is thought of as unfeasible and almost magical.The lines â€Å"Ride ten thousand days and nights, Till age snow white hairs on thee† are used as a hyperbole. Donne uses these lines as an exaggeration to explain that it does not matter how long a man searches for an honest woman because even if he looks for one for a thousand days and nights, he will never find one. Another use of a hyperbole is in the lines â€Å"Go and catch a falling star, Though she were true, when you met her, Yet she will be false†. Donne used these lines to overstate that every woman, although innocent at one time, will become corrupted.The sound effects used in the poem include assonance, alliteration, and rhyming scheme. In the phrase â€Å"Go and catch a falling star†, there is a repeated ‘a’ sound that is an example of assonance. The alliteration is heard in the line â€Å"If thou be’st born to strange sights† with ‘b’ and ‘s’. There is also a rhyming pattern throughout the entire poem, where the first and third lines rhyme, the second and fourth lines rhyme, the fifth and sixth lines rhyme, an d the last three lines of each stanza rhyme. These auditory devices are used to keep the readers’ attention and in order to make the overall poem to sound more flowing and lyrical.

With Reference to Best Practice from Your Experience, Explore How Essay

With Reference to Best Practice from Your Experience, Explore How Social Networking (And Particular of Facebook and Twitter) Can Be Used For Tourism Marketing - Essay Example With an overall viewpoint, social networking can be regarded as the grouping of people. It may take place through a face to face communication, but when termed to be as online the communication takes place through social sites, i.e. the websites used for social networking such as the Facebook, Twitter, Bebo, and so on most commonly known as the Web 2.0 (Social Networking, 2010). Online social networking has somewhat the same characteristics as the face to face communication, although with a different mechanism and a higher value in the modern perspective. Evidently online social networking is gaining increasing importance in the modernisation of the business world. Organisations today, in the modern realistic world are tending more towards the inclusion of online social media in their adapted marketing strategies. It is mostly due to the fact that online social networks reward the individuals with an ease to build up relationships with other persons having a common interest in terms of preferences and perceptions. Moreover, the barriers in terms of age group, geographical dimensions, economic status and other variables also have a negative impact while opting for social networking as a marketing tool. ... To face these challenges the utilisation of social networking again proves to be beneficial for the tourism groups (Middleton & Et. Al., 2009). This paper thus focuses on two main questions, i.e. how can the social networking be used to promote a tourism company and what are the pros and cons of this process. Hence, the further discussion of the paper shall be concentrated on the features of two most used social networks, i.e. Facebook and Twitter. Facebook and Twitter as Social Media Presently there are numerous social networking sites used by different organisations to promote their business. Few of them are Twitter, Flicr, Facebook, Youtube, Google, Yahoo, Hotmail, Orkut and many others. But among them the most targeted social sites are the Facebook and the Twitter. The impact of these social networks can be evidently witnessed all around the world. Facebook This social site was created by Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskocovitz and Chris Hughes in the year 2004. Initially the site wa s started to be used only by Harvard students. But after recognising the actual potential of the site it was expanded for the inclusion of high school students, business groups and other internet users by 2008. Presently the site is ranked as one of the most visited social network sites. During 2008, the company had a base of around 67 million active visitors all around the world. And in the current scenario the site has more than 500 million regular visitors. This is indeed a remarkable achievement of the site. The basic features of Facebook similar to other social sites allow the users to enter their personal information along with e-mail, phone number and

Research methods of supply chain management Essay - 1

Research methods of supply chain management - Essay Example various processes that include inspecting, transforming as well as emulating useful information that guides the researchers during their decision making. Based on the wide range of data analyses techniques that can be used by the researchers it is imperative to consider their usefulness in producing reliable results. This paper discusses the applicability, advantages as well as the disadvantages of various types of data that is collected either through qualitative research or by quantitative research. Data mining is one of the major types of data analysis that entails generation of new patterns from an expansive set of data. One of the key objectives of data mining is to extract proper knowledge from a data that can be easily understood by a human being. This type of data analysis involves intersection of database systems, statistics and intelligence that is artificial in nature (Donald & Pamela 47). In order to extract patterns that are unknown through automatic analysis of large quantity of data, various techniques such as spatial indexes are emulated. One of the chief uses of the data mining is to identify multiple groups that exist in a data and through a decision making support system, more accurate prediction can be obtained from the data. One of the areas that data mining is applicable is in the management of customer relationship. For example, in order to be aware of the customer response towards a certain offer, an organization can concentrate on the prospects that have high possibility of triggering buying behavior of the customers. In addition, the use of sophisticated systems can be used to optimally allocate resources in order to predict the channel through which an offer is likely to attract most customers. In the same way, data mining is applicable in human resources department in terms of identifying the most productive employee. Data mining is advantageous in that it depicts accurate and useful information about the research subject. In this

A Personal Manifesto on Success and Happiness Research Paper

A Personal Manifesto on Success and Happiness - Research Paper Example As the paper declares work as a noun defines an activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result. Another conception of the word work is that it is an activity as a means of earning income or employment. From these two concepts of work can be drawn different perceptions. Work as merely an act of doing something productive and work as an activity that generates income such as employment. The latter concept of work suits the definition that is widely known by most people. Having a job, an employment, running a business, all these are confined in the context of work that has an end goal of making money, salary, income or profit. According to the report findings the history of work is far rooted in the history of mankind. How work is viewed today is a byproduct of human experiences along the path of historical milestones of men. The concept of work can be traced back even into the realms of the Bible. God said to Adam, "In the sweat of thy face shall thou eat bread, till thou return to the ground". Even in the beginning according to the Bible, God assigned the allegedly first ever work to Adam. Work then can be described as some activities that need sweating in order to eat. In that sense it would tilling the soil and planting and growing plants to bear fruits to eat. Work then spells really hard work and is contrasted with leisure as Adam Smith puts it as toil and trouble. Thus leisure is a different story from work that is why according to the bible God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work. (Genesis 3:19 as cited by Dupre and Gagnier). If to rely alon e from the following context it can be concluded that God wants people to work really hard during work days and set a separate day for leisure which is somewhat deviated from the modern context of work that can go along with play—having fun while working all at the same time. People of yesteryears works comparatively different than modern people does work. The work they knew then was more on physical exertion. Tracing back the first humans, they did not work in the way that we understand it today. Primitively like before, our ancestors spent much of their time searching for food and shelter, a short-term and endlessly repeated process that was necessary for survival (The Readers Digest Australia). This repeated process lead to the definition of work division wherein some are hunters and others are gatherers and basically women do the cooking for the whole group to survive and move on. Work in this essence brings definition to food and survival. The idea of the working day is a product of

Copper Price Rises in UK after Chile Strike Case Study

Copper Price Rises in UK after Chile Strike - Case Study Example To further understand why BHP Hilton is considered as the main stakeholder looking into the definition of it is vital in order to establish the claim. The legal definition of it according to Lectric Law Library's Lexicon defined stakeholder as "STAKEHOLDER - A third person, chosen by two or more persons, to keep in deposit property, the right or possession of which is contested between them and to be delivered to the one who shall establish his right to it. Thus each of them is considered as depositing the whole thing. This distinguishes this contract from that which takes place when two or more tenants in common deposit a thing with a bailee. The duties of a stakeholder are to deliver the thing holden by him to the person entitled to it on demand. It is frequently questionable who is entitled to it. In case of an unlawful wager, although be may be justified for delivering the thing to the winner, by the express or implied consent of the loser yet if before the event has happened he has been required by either party to give up the thing deposited with him by such party, he is bound so to deliver it or if, after the event has happened, the losing party give notice to the stakeholder not to pay the winner, a payment made to him afterwards will be made in his own wrong, and the party who deposited the money or thing may recover it from the stakeholder (2007)." Also, if taken into consideration is the 57.5 percent share of the BHP Biliton. The aforementioned company is considered as the prime owner and is more likely considered to be associated with mining activity. In this case, we still have to track the stakeholders which are considered as the third party or person to keep the property which is being contested. In the case of the erring parties between Escondida and the worker's union, the shareholders of the said mining firm could temporarily took over the operation of the company and could be regarded as the caretakers or stakeholder of the company while the workers are on strike and could also be present in the negotiating table between Esconcondida and the workers union. As the determinants of the losses or gains of the company, then they are more than capable of being the caretaker of it while the case is being settled. Of course, one has to take into consideration that these shareholders have their parts and stocks in the company, and then they are also concerned with the welfare of the company. If they act as the stakeholder during the negotiation until the dispute has been settled, then should anything happen then they are capable of making things work for both parties by making both ends meet through their finances and bonds in which they are capable of providing the aforementioned resources. Of all the stakeholders, definitely, it is BHP Biliton has the right above the other entire stakeholders since the said company has the most number of shares in the company. Therefore, they have the right to be the caretaker of the entire mining firm because of their contribution in the company plus the fact that it owns more than half of the share of the company. Should this scenario arises, what are the responsibilities of BHP Biliton while the company is under dispute What the said company should do

Japanese city Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japanese city - Research Proposal Example Kobe has once been considered the most earthquake safe part of the country until 1995 when the great Hanshin Earthquake devastated the city. Kobe is known for its delicious cakes and coffee, "row of historic houses and precious cultural assets and various other delights" (asiatravelling.net). It also boasts of a rich natural heritage as relics are displayed in the museums. In fact, one of the great places in Kobe is the Kobe Archaeological Center which sorts, stores and exhibits artifacts from excavations of remains in the city (Kobe Convention and Visitors Association). Kobe is known as an "international city" with a diverse population of foreign residents. It is highly industrializes, with a variety of industries such as production of parts to manufacture of finished products, the leading edge R&D and the growing information technology (Overview of Kobe). Being a port city, some of its industries are port-related such as steel production, ship-building, foodstuffs, shipping and warehousing. Blessed with abundant natural resources such as the bodies of water, Kobe government has moved from the traditional method of fishing to modern aquaculture (Overview of Kobe). One of the most bankable and easiest jobs for me in Kobe is an English teacher. There are numerous opportunities for teaching jobs in Kobe, in elementary, middle school and high school. With formal education in English and a TESL certification, one can easily teach the English language in Kobe and there are various institutions such as "public schools, conversation schools, language and research institutes and corporate English training centers in Kobe" (NaukriHub). As Japanese seek to learn the English language, there is a vast opportunity for English teachers in Japan. 3. Being an "international city", there are various facilities and amenities by and for the foreign communities such as "international schools with foreign language-based curriculum, places of worship for a vast number of religions, businesses geared to foreign visitors and both short-term and long-term residents, as well as multitude of dining establishments representing almost all of the world's cuisine. (Overview of Kobe). "It is the base for many multi-cultural friendship organizations and has a great many facilities for such activities and for assisting non-Japanese residents of the city and the surrounding areas and there are also a number of places to study the Japanese language and culture" (Overview of Kobe). The city also boasts of a large number of parks where people can meet, with 16.61 sq.m of parkland per person. 4. There are a large number of beautiful places to visit in Kobe. Its parks are truly calming to the souls and satisfying to the eyes. Among these famous parks are Fruit and Flower Park which also houses hotels and hot springs with an admission fee of 500 yen, the Kobe City Suma Rikyu Park which is a blue expanse of water and of course the Sorakuen garden which is a Japanese style garden with important cultural properties. Kobe is blessed with beautiful bodies of water, therefore cruising is one of the precious activities one can have while staying there. At the Harborland/Meriken

The History of the World in Six Glasses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of the World in Six Glasses - Essay Example â€Å"Factory workers had to function like parts in a well-oiled machine, and tea was the lubricant that kept the factories running smoothly.† (p.200) Tea-break or tea-time became part of the sports activities and entertainment programs. Solid trade connections were established with the tea-producing countries like India and China, by some of the western countries, prominent amongst them was UK. The author has linked the thirst of the human throat to the thirst for material progress. He has unveiled the hidden agenda behind these drinks that have taken the commercial world by storm! When one makes an analysis, what all factors contributed to the concept of ‘world is one family,’ tea will be one of the top-contenders. The prime necessity to quench thirst needs no elaboration, appreciation, or explanation. Many thousands of years ago humans made their habitation near the rivers and lakes, precisely for his reason—to get adequate fresh water! Drinks shaped human history and growth and continue to have impact on the modern civilization. Tea, soon after it was introduced in UK, became a global drink! But there was always a storm in the cup of tea of the imperialists. The British people saw great potential in the tea trade, and exploited the business opportunity to the maximum extent. â€Å"Tea drinking is not the cause, but the consequences of the distresses of the poor. The drink of queens had also become the drink of last resort†¦ Tea had reached around the world from the world’s oldest empire and planted itself at the heart of the newest.† (p. 196) Tea cures, as well as creates problems for the human constitution and aggravates certain conditions of diseases. Those suffering from neuralgia and blood pressure should not drink tea. If one takes tea on empty stomach, it affects digestion and its consumption at bed-time, causes sleepless nights. It stimulates the nervous system and the urine

Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Consumer behavior - Essay Example He feels that reverse engineering of the human brain will take place by 2020 and then the inception of singularity will be in 2045. Technology will give enough power to machines to be able to evolve them and continue evolving. This means by then they will be able to completely imitate the human brain. The need for information is never ending. Information is endless and timeless. Singularity will ensure that human mind will be surpassed by the development of better software consciousness. The transformation, he feels will be more beneficial than of harm to the world at large. I feel that the technology evolution as spoken by Ray Kurzweil would be evolutionary for the organizations and business world at large. It will succeed in automating the business process, in analyzing and taking futuristic decisions on its own.The foremost advantage of singularity for organizations would be that it will save time and will bring down the costs of large corporations. Large firms cannot risk wasting their time in procedural maneuvers and unwanted delays. It will ensure quick processing of information and reduces the burden of paperwork. It is difficult to manage large firms without proper records, and so it will maintain work effectively with minimum chances of error. Such a system would strive for perfection; it keeps track of its order.

Immigration personal letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration personal letter - Essay Example I didn't have many savings, and I didn't even have a checking account in an American bank! I had to get an apartment for my first few months here. Every week I would buy groceries, and I had a hard time just keeping afloat. Actually, it was only a few weeks after I got to America that I found a decent job working as a System Admin with an electronics company that needed someone to oversee their software department. Basically I was making sure that everything operated smoothly. If there was a problem on my job, people would usually come see me about it because I was the computer expert. "Saurabh, what's the matter with this program Saurabh, why won't this window close Saurabh, how do I do this How do I do that" As you can see, this was a very demanding job. But I had to work hard in order so that I could send some money back to India until I could afford to bring the rest of my family over here while I was on my work visa. Finally, when I had saved up about ten-thousand dollars, I brought my wife Padma to the United States with our baby girl Dharti. Airfare from India costs quite a bit, so I had to save up for that, as well as the expenses we would have here in the U.S. after Padma and Dharti came over. In order to earn that ten-thousand dollars I had to work overtime at my job for weeks on end. But I did it because I loved my family and I really wanted them to be with me here in the United States. James Madison, one of the founding fathers of the United States, once was quoted. He said that "America was indebted to immigration for her settlement and prosperity."1 This is partially the truth, because, America is not only responsible for my success. I am also partially responsible for the success of America. Now... For awhile I thought I wasn't going to be able to make it in the United States. When I first came to the U.S., I had little money, was without my nuclear family, and didn't really speak English as well as I would have liked. Actually, it was only a few weeks after I got to America that I found a decent job working as a System Admin with an electronics company that needed someone to oversee their software department. Basically I was making sure that everything operated smoothly. If there was a problem on my job, people would usually come see me about it because I was the computer expert. "Saurabh, what's the matter with this program Saurabh, why won't this window close Saurabh, how do I do this How do I do that" As you can see, this was a very demanding job. But I had to work hard in order so that I could send some money back to India until I could afford to bring the rest of my family over here while I was on my work visa. Finally, when I had saved up about ten-thousand dollars, I brought my wife Padma to the United States with our baby girl Dharti. Airfare from India costs quite a bit, so I had to save up for that, as well as the expenses we would have here in the U.S. after Padma and Dharti came over. Now I have an even better job since I got my Master's degree, and work as a consultant with an

Political Oppositions Abortions Essay Example for Free

Political Oppositions Abortions Essay Old Righteous with its   â€Å" Solid as a rock† slogan is the political party for you. Not only do we stand behind every word we say our backing comes from a long line of leaders that also support our beliefs. We have been around for fifty years and counting. Old Righteous believes that if something is not broken then don’t fix it. We apply this method with every aspect of our campaign. One of the major topics of discussion that recently came to our attention is the opportunity for women to abort pregnancies. Pregnancy is a choice that we believe is made before the conception of the child. During planned pregnancies women and men know that there is a baby about to be born. When a pregnancy is not planned they are other options to prevent it from happening. As one of the more proven methods of birth control, abstinence has always proven to be affective. Although it may be one of the hardest for some couples we stand behind it 100%. Also unmarried couple should thoroughly discuss what they’re plans are if they intend to have intercourse and get pregnant. These topics will enlighten the mind of the younger generation. It will also make them think twice about just making bad decision they will have to pay for later. We consider an unborn fetus to be a child in the most precious developing stages of his or her life. Because he or she is not able to defend him or she in this battle means that there should be more traditional beliefs standing behind them to prevent it from ever occurring. Abortion is some that should not be a resort. Many agencies offer adoption and transfer of custody to family and friends. These children deserve life. It was destined for them to be born or they would have never been made. No one should have the choice to terminate the existences of another human being beginning. Campaign Names:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Today’s Woman Slogan:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pro Choice is the only Choice; life is only life is planned Party’s Platform: Today’s Woman is the debating campaign that believes â€Å" pro choice is the only choice; life is only life if it is planned† Today’s Woman believes that many people make mistakes and should not be punished for them. Having a child is a life long decision and some of people are just not ready for that. Considering the amount of hungry starving children and the homeless population in society today; keeping you right to abortion could prove beneficial. Knowing when you can and cannot handle a situation is a big decision. Doing something about it makes you an adult. Many people get pregnant for the wrong reasons and should not have to pay for it the rest of their life. Their children will suffer from some type of mental anguish feeling their parent’s regret. Parents tend to not be married or split up for various reasons. Also, many children end up living in a single parent household due to unforeseen circumstances. Others are just left to fend of themselves in the streets because of parent on drugs and poor living conditions. Child welfare seldom steps in to monitor many homes because the cases of neglect are never reported. This cause many other larger problems for the social economy. Today’s Woman feels that no society should have to reproduce in or to satisfy someone else’s moral decisions. To each his or her owns is the method we believe. Some things work for a lot of people but nothing works for us all. Women should be allowed to do what works best for them. They should make intelligent decision based on their personal needs and lifestyle. If they make a mistake and get pregnant through some type of unfortunate circumstances they should be allowed to terminate the pregnancy without regret. Reference: (2006). Life/Pro-Choice Debate. Accessed 5/3/2006. New York. Times Company. Website: http://atheism.about.com/od/booksabortion/ William A. Gamson. And Larry G. Peppers (2000). Simulated Society. (5th ed) Creating a Better Society (pp. 104) NewYork, NY. Free Press Nick Farrell (2006).   Amazon is anti-abortion. Accessed 5/4/2006. The Inquirer. Website: http://www.theinquirer.net/?article=30429

Outcome of Vascular Complications After Arterial Punctures

Outcome of Vascular Complications After Arterial Punctures Introduction :- Arterial catheterizations are used routinely for continuous haemodynamic monitoring in the operating room and also in critically ill patients (1). It provides easy and appropriate access for several blood samplings and blood gas analysis (2) and has frequently been found to be a safe procedure, with a few severe complications (3,4). Percutaneous arterial cannulation is used widely in the clinical management of critically ill adults second in frequency to intravenous cannulation(5). Common sites of percutaneous needle puncture include the radial, femoral, brachial, dorsalispedis, or axillary artery. There is no evidence that any site is superior to the others. However, the radial artery is used most frequently due to its easy palpability, low complication rates, location and patients comfortability than the other sites. Patients undergoing radial or dorsalispedis artery puncture should have the collateral flow to those vessels evaluated prior to puncture, to avoid the risk of ischemic complications (6, 7). Each arterial catheterization site is associated with a unique set of potential complications. Radial artery insertion is associated with peripheral neuropathy, femoral artery insertion with retroperitoneal hematoma, axillary artery insertion with brachial plexopathy, and brachial artery insertion with injury to the median nerve(8). Although many sites share the same possible complications (eg, bleeding), the frequency of these complications varies among the different insertion sites. The most common complications associated with radial artery catheterization are occlusion (2 to 35 percent) and hematoma (up to 15 percent) (9). Permanent injury usually results from either complication. Frequent temporary occlusion of artery has been identified as one of the main complications of radial arterial cannulation(10, 11).Arterial complications have serious ischemic damage to the hand after radial artery cannulation which lead to necrosis and amputation of fingers or t he whole hand. (12). Femoral artery is the another commonest site of arterial cannulation in intensive care units (13). The femoral artery is usually preferred than the radial artery because the it is usually palpable even in hypotensive shock patients and is the only available route for haemodynamic monitoring(14). The incidence of related complications in the femoral artery is much lower than that in the radial artery and can be recognized easily because of the larger vessel diameter (15). Chances of sepsis is more in femoral artery cannulation because of the proximality of perianal region(16). The most common complication associated with femoral artery catheterization is hematoma (6%), which can be larger and difficult to detect if extends to the retroperitoneum(17). The third most dangerous site of arterial cannulation is axillary artery and it is preferred to be uncannulated because of its close proximity to carotid artery and may compromise cerebral circulation (18). Axillary artery cannulation is technically difficult, although pulsation and pressure are maintained even with peripheral vascular collapse where as femoral artery cannulation is less difficult, can be cannulated, even during profound hypotension (24). Arterial catheter infectionsof 10 -20% are complicated by local (eg, insertion site) infection, and 5 % by bacteremia or sepsis (11). It is generally known that arterial puncture related complications are common in ICU. The purpose of this prospective analysis was to evaluate the nature and outcome of vascular complications following arterial punctures in intensive care units of King Abdulaziz Medical City. Wendt M, Hachenberg Th, Lawin P, Vietor G. Electronic monitoring and data interpretation [in German]. In: Larwin P, Bruessel T, Prien T, editor.In Praxis der Intensivbehandlung. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 1993. pp. 155–186. Gauer PK, Downs JB. Complications of arterial catheterization. Respir Care. 1982;27:435–444. Hartung HJ. Monitoring [in German]. In: List WF, editor. In Komplikationen in der Anà ¤sthesie. Berlin: Springer; 1990. pp. 248–260. Gardner RM. Direct arterial pressure monitoring. Curr Anaesth Crit Care.1990;1:239–246. Durbin CG Jr. Radial arterial lines and sticks: what are the risks? Respir Care. 2001;46:229-230. Kohonen M, Teerenhovi O, Terho T, et al. Is the Allen test reliable enough? Eur J CardiothoracSurg 2007; 32:902. Jarvis MA, Jarvis CL, Jones PR, Spyt TJ. Reliability of Allens test in selection of patients for radial artery harvest. Ann ThoracSurg 2000; 70:1362. OMalley MK, Rhame FS, Cerra FB, McComb RC. Value of routine pressure monitoring system changes after 72 hours of continuous use. Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1424. Russell JA, Joel M, Hudson RJ, et al. Prospective evaluation of radial and femoral artery catheterization sites in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med 1983; 11:936. Wilkins RG: Radial artery cannulation and ischaemic damage: a review. Anaesthesia 1985, 40:896-899. Slogoff S, Keats AS, Arlund C: On the safety of radial artery cannulation. Anesthesiology 1983, 59:42-47. Bedford RF: Long-term radial artery cannulation: effects on subsequent vessel function. Crit Care Med 1978, 6:64-67. Frezza EE, Mezghebe H: Indications and complications of arterial catheter use in surgical or medical intensive care units: analysis of 4932 patients. Am Surg 1998, 64:127-131. Kaye W: Invasive monitoring techniques: arterial cannulation, bedside pulmonary artery catherization, and arterial puncture. Heart Lung 1983, 12:395-427. Riker AI, Gamelli RL: Vascular complications and femoral artery catheterization in burn patients. J Trauma 1996, 41:904-905. Thomas F, Burke JP, Parker J, Orme JF, Gardner RM, Clemmer TP, Hill GA, Macfarlane P:The risk of infection related to radial vs femoral sites for arterial catherization.Crit Care Med 1983, 11:807-812. Norwood SH, Cormier B, McMahon NG, et al. Prospective study of catheter-related infection during prolonged arterial catheterization. Crit Care Med 1988; 16:836. Czepizak CA, OCallaghan JM, Venus B, Gravenstein N: Vascular access. In In Clinical anesthesia practice.. Edited by Kirby RR, Gravenstein N. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1994::542-550. Johnstone R, Greenhow D. Catheterization of the dorsalis pedis artery. Anesthesiology 1973; 39:654–655 Bedford RF. Long-term radial artery cannulation: effects on subsequent vessel formation. Crit Care Med. 1978;6:64-67. Groell R, Schaffler GJ, Rienmueller R. The peripheral intravenous cannula: a cause of venous air embolism. Am J Med Sci 1997; 314:300 Soderstrom CA, Wasserman DH, Dunham MC, Caplan ES, Cowley RA. Superiority of the femoral artery for monitoring: a prospective study. Am J Surg. 1982:144:309-312 Russell JA, Joel M, Hudson RJ, Mangano DT, Schlobohm RM. Prospective evaluation of radial and femoral artery catheterization sites in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1983;11:936-939. Teresa R. Cousins, John M. O’Donnell, Arterial cannulation: A critical review 2004:267,271. Complications and risk factors of peripheral arterial catheters used for haemodynamic monitoring in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine Bernd Volker Scheer1, Azriel Perel2 and Ulrich J Pfeiffer3

Analysis of Biochemical Compounds in ‘gynura Procumbens’

Analysis of Biochemical Compounds in ‘gynura Procumbens’ Extraction of Biochemical Compounds in ‘gynura Procumbens’ Using 3 Mixture Design and Gcms Name : Syazliana Syamira Binti Hashim NOVEMBER 2014 Gynura procumbens or known locally in Malaysia as ‘Sambung Nyawa’ or in chinese, it is called ‘Nan Hui Ye’ is a plant that was found in South East Asia usually inThailand, Indonesia and Malaysia.This plant belongs to the Asteraceae Family.It is a famous traditional herb in South East Asia for the treatment of diabetic, high cholesterol level, cancer, high blood pressure, kidney discomfort and inflammation.The present study aims to study the antidiabetic activity of Gynura procumbens leaves to manage diabetes and to study the potential toxicity for many of the biochemical compounds in this plant leaves by using the three mixture design and analysis by CGMS technique. In a mixture experiment, the independent factors are proportions of different components of a blend. The fact that the properties of the different factors must sum to 100% complicates the design as well as the analysis of mixture experiments.In this work,a mixture design will be applied to optimize solvent mixtures for selective extraction of biochemical compounds from Gynura procumbens leaves.Pressurized solvent extractions(PSE) will be performed at 313K and 20MPa,using homogeneous,ethanol(EtOH) and O solvent mixtures.The operating conditions to extract biochemical compounds from Gynura procumbens leaves will be optimized.The ranges of extraction temperatures and pressures are 25 60 and 8 – 25MPa, respectively.GC coupled with MS detection will be used to characterize the extracts. Introduction The modern lifestyle has become a major threat to the health of people around the world.There are many cases that involve arteriosclerosis, obesity, diabetes mellitus and cancers and these diseases remind us about our unhealthy lifestyles and thus give rise in circulatory system diseases such as hypertension, pre-hypertension and heart disease in developed countries (Johnson and Turner, 2005; Kearney et al., 2005). From the previous time,plants have often been used to cure human diseases (Stepp and Moerman,2001; Yesilada, 2005).Today,with the arising threat of intractable diseases,a research is to focus on the finding bioactive molecules from plants(Amos et al.,2003; Fatehi et al.,2005).The one such plant is ‘Sambung Nyawa’ or its scientific name is Gynura procumbens is a member of the Asteraceae family(Wiart,2002). Gynura procumbens is commonly used as a traditional medicinal plant in Malaysia to treat many diseases. Recently, the use of herbal medicines for complementary treatments of some diseases has been popular and researchers have shown that these herbs are commonly used by cancer patients to manage their diseases (Riboli and Norat, 2003; Van Duijnhoven et al., 2009). Pharmacologic studies also have proved that Gynura procumbens possesses anti-herpes simplex virus, (Nawawi et al.,1999), anti-ulcerogenic activities (Mahmood et al., 2010) anti-inflammatory (Iskander et al.,2002), and anticancer properties(Agustina et al.,2006). Problem Statement : Gynura procumbens had been given attention in the pharmacology of antidiabetic medicinal plants probably because of its solid evidences and efficiency in the traditional management of diabetes mellitus.But in contrast,the scientific reports on the antidiabetic activity of this plant had their own conflicts and inconsistent.For example,Zhang and Tan had reported that 95% ethanol extract improved glucose tolerance in STZ-induced diabetic rats, but not in normal rats(Zhang and Tan).These authors also reported that its aqueous extract to exert significant anti hyperglycemic action in STZ-induced diabetic rats.But after that,Akowuah et al., on the contrary indicated its glucose lowering effect in normal rats(Akowuah et al.,2001).In the most recent study, the extract of Gynura procumbens was reported to generate significant elevation in the fasting blood glucose(FBG) levels of normal rats but a decrease in diabetic rats(Hassan et al.,2010). Eventhough Gynura procumbens is useful in the treatment of many ailments,however there is a little toxicological information that is available regarding to the safety due to the repeated exposure.Thus,a study need to be conducted to improve these reports and give more useful informations about its widespread uses.Therefore,the present research is to study the antidiabetic activity of Gynura procumbens leaves to manage diabetes and also to study the potential toxicity for many of the biochemical compounds in Gynura procumbens leaves. Objectives : To study the antidiabetic activity of Gynura procumbens leaves to manage diabetes. To study the potential toxicity for many of the biochemical compounds in Gynura procumbens leaves. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 General Overview of Gynura procumbens Gynura procumbens that is well-known in South East Asia has traditionally been used to cure rash, eruptive fevers, kidney disease, constipation, migraines, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cancer(Perry,1980).Recently, pharmacological studies have state that this plant has anti-hyperglycaemic(Akowuah et al.,2001; Akowuah et al.,2002),anti-hyperlipidaemic(Zhang and Tan,2000),anti-inflammatory(Iskander et al.,2002) and blood hypertension reduction capabilities(Lam et al.,1998; Kim et al.,2006). The advantages of the traditional use of Gynura procumbens leaves have been supported the isolation and identification of several possible active chemical constituents from this herb, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids(Akowuah et al.,2002).Gynura procumbens is usually used as a traditional medicinal plant in Malaysia to cure many ailments. It is an annual ever- green shrub with a fleshy stem and purple tint.In Malaysia,this plant is called as ‘Sambung nyawa’, and it is commonly used in South-East Asia,especially in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. In spite of the various uses over long time periods, little toxicological information is available regarding safety following repeated exposure to Gynura procumbens. Currently, Malaysian authorities are paying more attention to the safety and potential toxicity of botanicals, including medical plants and edible materials. Therefore,the objective of the present study was to provide scientific data on the safety of Gynura procumbens, that focus on the acute and 90days (13weeks) sub-chronic toxicity of a methanol extract that was orally administered to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Gynura procumbens has recently received particular attention in the pharmacology of antidiabetic medicinal plants,probably because of its admitted empirical evidence and efficiency in the traditional management of diabetes mellitus.Besides that, these study designs are not targeted at natural product discovery or production of standardized herbal forms. Satisfactory research on medicinal plants beyond screening for biological activity should be conducted with the objective to systematically standardize and possess them into natural products or dosage forms which should effectively complement or supplement existing conventional measures(Ali et al.,2012). 2.2 Current Research of Gynura procumbens There is currently a good deal of research interest to utilize plant compounds against human diseases, that includes hypertension. The present study investigated the effects of different extracts and fractions from leaves of Gynura procumbens on rat atrial contraction in vitro. Isolated left and right atria were mounted in a 20-ml organ bath and they were allowed to equilibrate for 15 minutes before the application of the extracts or fractions. The extracts ( methanol extract (ME) and petroleum-ether extract (PE) ) and the fractions (chloroform fraction(CHL), ethyl-acetate fraction (EA), n-butanol fraction (NB) and water fraction (WA) of the methanol extract) were tested at three concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml), with a b-adrenergic agonist (isoprenaline) as a control. All the data on the contraction responses were log-transformed and had been analyzed. When exposed to the different extracts, both atria tended to exhibit greater contractive responses with the NB whereas cardiac contractions had a tendency to be reduced with most other extracts. For a given extract, the contraction responses were particularly greater at 0.5 mg/ml for the right atrium and at 1 mg/ml for the left atrium. For the further analysis is to focus on the NB fraction revealed that positive inotropism was greater in left atria exposed to highly-concentrated F2 and F3 sub-fractions. Taken together,the results suggest that NB extracts and fractions from the Gynura procumbens-leaf methanol extract have positive inotropic activities and, hence, can be considered as an alternative or traditional medicine against increased blood pressure in humans or can be used in strategies aimed at finding antihypertensive biomolecules from an accessible source. In each of these studies, the approach was not bioassay directed, an approach basis to the discovery of novel natural products from their natural sources and or to increase their standardization preparation to formulate into dosage forms for human usage after clinical trials. In summary, there is little analysis on the importance of the different extracts and fractions of Gynura procumbens on heart tissues. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of Gynura procumbens leaves extracts and fractions of the active extract on the contraction of left and right atria (LA and RA, respectively) isolated from Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with the aim of exploring the possibilities of its standardization or industrial scaling up for natural products against hypertension. 2.3 Functions of Gynura procumbens In South-East Asia, this plant is widely distributed and has often been used to treat diseases. In Indonesia, leaves of the Compositae family are routinely used for treatment in kidney diseases, eruptive fevers, rash, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia(Perry,1980). In Thailand, where this plant is empirically used against topical inflammation, rheumatism, and viral ailments, Iskander and colleagues have reported the anti-inflammatory actions of its extracts(Iskander et al.,2002). Recently, pharmacological investigations in Singapore have shown that extracts of Gynura procumbens reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats(Zhang and Tan,2000). In Malaysia, evidence exists that Gynura procumbens has antidiabetic properties(Akowuah et al.,2001; Bohari et al.,2006). In this country, the currency of hypertension is high, but the levels of awareness, control, and treatment are still low(Rampal et al.,2008).This species has been used as a traditional medicine to treat inflammation, cancer, rheumatism, and viral infections. Among the various ethnobotanical practices of this plant, the application as a poultice for diverse skin diseases was found to be a universal usage in many countries (Perry, 1980). The leaves of this plant are not toxic(Rosidah et al., 2009). Gynura procumbensfrom Asteraceae family has been used as a traditional remedy for various skin diseases in certain areas of Southeast Asia(Junoh et al.,2011). 2.4 Related Diseases There were many attempts to control increased blood pressure that have been used as strategies to control arterial hypertension(Collins et al.,1990; Lang et al.,2001). Eventhough the treatment of arterial hypertension has been shown to be quite efficacious in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (Collins et al.,1990), hypertension control at the population level has been generally considered as not enough yet. In the United Kingdom, for instance, 94% of hypertensive patients still have their blood pressure higher than the normal(Colhoun et al.,1998), whereas in the United States, there is only 27% had a normal blood pressure following treatment(Burt et al.,1995). This intractability of hypertension has not changed, and recently there is a noticeable increase in hypertension cases(Kearney et al.,2004); about 26% of adults worldwide in 972 million are known to have hypertension(Kearney et al.,2005). Current optimism based on pharmacological therapy, which consists of developing drug formulations, is severely impeded by drug interactions, dose dependence, and adverse effects such as the possibility of depression. All in all,it is clear that the development of alternative strategies complementary to existing control methods is needed. 2.5 Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity The Gynura procumbens methanol extract was suspended in 1% (w/v) carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC) and it was administered orally (1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg) in single doses to both female and males rats (n = 10; 5 males and 5 females). The rats need to fast overnight due to dosing. The general behaviour of the rat was continuously monitored for 1 hour after dosing, periodically during the first 24 hour (with special attention given during the first 4 hour), and daily thereafter for a total of 14 days. All animals were humanely killed by inhalation after 14 days.The selected vital organs were excised, weighed, and macroscopically examined(Ghosh,1984). Healthy rats of both sexes were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups (n = 10; 5 males and 5 females). The Gynura procumbens methanol extract was suspended in 1% CMC and administered orally on a daily basis for 90 days (13 weeks) at doses of 125, 250, or 500mg/kg. Based on the report by Suharmiati (2003), traditional healers typically prescribe seven leaves each day for an adult, which is equivalent to a 125 mg/day dose. Therefore, doses ranging from of 125–500mg/(kg day) were selected as the tested doses. All rats were anesthetized under inhalation at the end of 13 weeks. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture into non-heparinized and EDTA containing tubes for biochemical and haematological analyses, respectively (Winarto, 2003; Petterino and Argentino-Storino, 2006). After cardiac puncture, the rats were killed by clavicle dislocation.Those vital organs were excised, weighed, and macroscopically examined and then they were fixed in 10% formalin for hi stopathological study. 2.6 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes causes oxidative stress through the autooxidation of glucose, protein glycation and lipid peroxidation; and as a consequence, structural and functional alterations occur in the lungs of diabetics, as well as other organs like the heart, brain, eyes and kidneys. There is growing, well-established evidence regarding such changes in diabetic lungs(Gulay et al.,2014). Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, contributing not only to the development, but also to the progression of diabetes and its related complications. The immunosuppressive and antioxidant effects of resveratrol in attenuating the increased oxidative stress due to responses of ÃŽ ²-cells to leukocyte activation have been implicated in the prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Resveratrol affords advantageous effects by decreasing the oxidative injury and the recruitment of the nutritive precapillary arterioles in the context of disease states associated with insulin re sistance, such as metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Globally, more than 366 million individuals currently live with diabetes mellitus, with this figure expected to rise to 552 million by 2030 (Whiting et al., 2011). The World Health Organization estimates that around 1.1 million deaths occur per year as a result of the disease (World Health Organization, 2011). There are around 2.9 million individuals in England currently have diagnosed with diabetes, a currency of 4.5% (NHS The Information Centre, 2011). Projections for England estimate that by 2030 over 4.5 million people will be living with diabetes (APHO, 2011). The number of individuals that are living with diabetes means that if there was found to be an excess in mortality caused by the disease, this could result in a large number of premature deaths. The relation between diabetes and increased all-cause death, particularly from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and renal disease, is well recognized. C There is a limited amount of evidence relating to diabetes and respiratory disease mortality (Dawson et al., 2008;De Marco et al., 1999andMurugan and Sharma, 2008).Current evidence suggests a biological link between inflammation, reduced levels of adiponectin within the body and the development of diabetes and respiratory disease (Sevenoaks Stockley, 2006). De Marco et al. concluded that these may be caused by differences in the severity of diabetes or differing in national treatment cultures (De Marco et al., 1999). Therefore, research is required that further explores the relation between diabetes and mortality from cancer and respiratory disease. Current research indicates that, for mortality from a number of causes, it may be diabetes-related comorbidities that increase an individuals risk of death rather than the diabetes itself. ( Mohammadi et al., 2007) Morbidity and mortality of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is closely related to development of cardiovascular disease (Haffner et al.,1998). Although the manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus have been extensively studied, the knowledge regarding the effects of diabetes on bone mineral metabolism is still limited and inconsistent. Since Albright and Reifenstein(Anwar et al.,2008)first reported the occurrence of osteoporosis in patients with poorly controlled diabetes in 1948, many authors have attempted to describe alterations of bone mineralization in diabetic subjects by using various techniques and biochemical markers(Asbun and Villareal,2006). The types of diabetes caused by other conditions or found in increased frequency with other conditions (imply an etiologie relationship) be considered a third subclass of diabetes mellitus that is the diabetes that associated with certain conditions and syndromes. This subclass has been divided according to the known or suspected etiologie relationships.The class gestational diabetes has been restricted to women in whom glucose intolerance develops or is discovered during pregnancy (National Diabetes Data Group,1979).

Sociology Essay -- Sociology Essays

The social growth of the young in different classes A Youth in Poverty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To most, it’s very easy to imagine how it would feel to grow up without much of anything in life. Hell...I can tell you first hand what it feels like to not have a decent pair of shoes or pants without holes in them, or old â€Å"hand-me-down† toys while most of the kids you know have â€Å"state-of-the-art† toys. To many children in this kind of situation, it seems like a very bleak world to live in. No child should ever have to experience this kind of life. However, due to ignorant parents and an even more jacked-up government, there are many children that will always be in this predicament.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, it would be hard to think of any good coming out of living in such conditions. But just like a many things in this so-called existence, a person would have to look very hard to find the good things. There are, in fact, good things about living in the pits of poverty. For instance, children that are poor tend to appreciate things much more than a child with a more â€Å"privileged† life. When they get new things, they treat those things like intricately wrought gold, or a fine work of art. To them, a brand-new pair of ‘Jordan’ gym shoes or a ’PS2’ seems like pure treasure. Over time, this quality of appreciation will develop continually over the years. They will make responsible choices on things that they will always appreciate. With hope and a prayer, they will be able to pass down this quality to their future generations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another good quality that poor children have is their ability to socialize. When you are poor, you have little room to fear embarrassment. If you’re embarrassed about meeting new people or talking in front of a crowd, they you may as well be embarrassed with everything else in you life of poverty. Being poor is humiliating enough....being scared to talk is nothing compared to that. A kid that has just about nothing in life will hope to make as many new friends as they possibly can. Possibly so that they can fill in the little void they are likely to grow out of having so little. They are very assertive, and will do anything for attention. Jokes, stories, comments, and the sacred art of â€Å"Blazing† or â€Å"Baking† are the tools that poor children will use for socialization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  &n... ... many times I wanted to knock a rich kid’s teeth into his brains.....((Ahem...)) They think that since they are rich, they are better that the entire world. When they think this, I wish nothing more than to strangle them with a garden hose and beat them with a wet towel....((Ahem, ahem...)) Everyone it this world should know...that even though they live life on a silver platter, they should remember one thing; when silver is not taken care of properly, it can and will tarnish over time. They may think that they are better than the world, but they will mess their lives up with that arrogant attitude. They can lose friends, family ties, relationships with other loved ones, jobs, schools, and other things of importance. No one is better than the world...no matter how much money they may have, they are only human. Conclusion Time: The â€Å"glorious† life ain’t all that it’s cracked up to be. Because when a person wakes up from the fantasy of having everything they want, they are able to realize that money is nothing more than paper with a dead man’s face on it. The youth should know that there is more to life than wealth. Look hard, and they will be able to find what I’m talking about.

Albert Camus The Stranger and Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot :: comparison compare contrast essays

Albert Camus' The Stranger and Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many differences and similarities are found between Albert Camus' novel, The Stranger, and Samuel Beckett's play, Waiting for Godot. The characters in each story is very different from their society and at the same time, thy are very similar to each other.   To understand in what ways they are similar, there must be and understanding of how they are different from the society in which they live in.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, the major difference from the novel and the play is their desire for God's salvation.   Recall when Meursault was in jail, he did not want the magistrate to pray for God to save his soul unlike Vladimir and Estagon, who waits many years for their god.   They both live their life for one reason:   to wait for Godot.   However, to wait for someone who is not going to come is just as pointless as not doing anything at all, just like Meursault who lives his life at the spur of the moment. Neither of them makes important goals in their lives.   Meursault can care less about his promotion and Vladimir and Estragon could have done something worth while with the last fifty years of their lives.   Because of this, they found ways of passing time.   Vladimir and Estragon tries hanging themselves and call each other names while Meursault goes smoking, drinking with Raymond, listen to Salamando and have casual sex all because they do not have anything else to do.   They all feel their very existence is insignificant.   Whether they live or died would not change anything.   One life is as good as another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vladimir and Estragon's expression of their emotions contrast to Meursault's lack of emotions.   After Vladimir and Estragon fight,   they resolve their disputes by embracing each other.   Meursault's honesty prevents him from showing any emotions that he does not have.   These ways of expressing their emotions reveals their views of life.   Meursault knows who he is in life but is just indifferent to it.   He did not care if everybody thought he was strange or his associates is a pimp.   However, Vladimir and Estragon does not know who they are in life.  Ã‚   To wait for someone who is not coming is pointless.

Professional Sports - It’s Time to End the Corruption of Baseball Essay

It’s Time to End the Corruption of Baseball Baseball used to be a simple game, associated with the smell of hot dogs, the sweet dew of the night air as fans rose for the seventh inning stretch, and the beautiful spectacle of the field with its freshly cut grass and newly chalked base lines. Now it seems like each game is won by at least five runs, the stadiums are half empty, and the pride of a baseball radio announcer, once an honorable career, has dwindled along with the game. Additionally, since 1976 players’ salaries have increased 168% a year, numbers too high to be blamed on inflation (Breton 4). These current conditions reflect the growing corruption of baseball. Why is there corruption in baseball? It’s simple; players are asking for more money, which only big market teams can afford. If a player comes up through the league in a small market team and becomes a success, he demands more money, which the team can’t afford, so he moves to a big market team that will satisfy his demands. For example, look at Cincinnati Reds’ former players Bret Boone, Dimitri Young, Pokey Reese, Denny Neagle, Mike Cameron, and Jeff Shaw, all players of all-star caliber now playing for teams paying a bigger salary. This causes the problem of uncompetitive small market teams, who make up 44% of baseball (Player 1). With nearly half of the league being uncompetitive, it doesn’t make for a really surprising season. This lack of competition snowballs into corrupting other parts of the game. There is a steady decrease in attendance; the Cincinnati Reds total attendance for 2001 was about two million, a twenty four percent decrease from the 2000 season (Cincinnati 1). To make up for lagging attendance there is an increase in ticket pri... ... Lewis, Corey. â€Å"Salary Cap, Anyone? Yankee Wealth Killing Baseball.† 18 Feb. 2002. < http://www.thedailyworld.com>. Mann, Dinn. â€Å"Behind the Seams with Bud Selig.† 27 March 2002. < http://www.mlb.com>. Plimpton, George. Out of My League. New York: Lyons and Burford, Publishers, 1961. Smizik, Bob. â€Å"Baseball Can’t Bear Costs for Salary Cap.† 18 Feb. 2002. < http://www.post-gazette.com>. Unknown. â€Å"2001 Standings: Regular.† 18 Feb. 2002. < http://www.espn.go.com>. Unknown. â€Å"Cincinnati Reds Attendance.† 27 March 2002. < http://www.cbs.sportsline.com>. Unknown. â€Å"Fehr: Forget about It.† 18 Feb. 2002. < http://www.sportsillustrated.cnn.com>. Unknown. â€Å"Player Salaries Opening Day 2001.† 18 Feb. 2002. . Unknown. â€Å"World Series Winners.† 27 March 2002. < http://www.historicbaseball.com>.

Alienation in “Black Boy”

Carlos Hernandez Eng. 111 Prof. Weitz 02/18/2009 Causes of Alienation in Black Boy Black Boy demonstrates how the protagonist, Richard Wright, alienated himself from his community because he did not share the same religious and societal beliefs practiced by his community and felt that the questions he had about everyday life would not be answered if he conformed to his degraded position in society. Richard alienated himself from his community because he wanted to find answers to his questions about racism that were not being answered. His desire and capacity for knowledge is discouraged and underestimated by whites and blacks due to living in the Jim Crow South. Religion is also a cause of alienation because Richard does not share the same enthusiasm for religion as the community does. These are all causes of alienation for Richard. The first signs of alienation come as a result of Richard’s curiosity with the world around him. An insatiable sense of curiosity grew in him after learning to read, write, and count to one hundred that he soon became, â€Å"a nuisance by asking far too many questions of everybody. This led him to learn about the relations between whites and blacks. After finding out about the white man beating the black boy he began to ask questions regarding race and why there is a puzzling coexistence between whites and blacks. He asked his mother why that happened and she simply responded by saying, â€Å"You’re too young young to understand. † She did this to dodge this contr oversial topic. He had so many questions regarding this topic and no one in his community was willing to give him a straight, if any, answer. On another occasion, Richard asked his mother if they could look in the white side of the train and noticed his mother becoming irritated. â€Å"I had begun to notice that my mother became irritated when I questioned her about whites and blacks, and I could not quite understand it. † His inquisitive nature and lack of answers lead him to alienate himself from his community by going on his journey to the North in order to answer these questions of racism. Richard’s curiosity led him to desire knowledge. This thirst for knowledge is another cause of alienation for Richard. It results in alienating himself as well as being alienated from the black community. For example, when Granny found out that her tenant, Ella, was reading Bluebeard and His Seven Wives to Richard, she objected to it and forbade her from reading to him on religious grounds by saying, â€Å"That’s the Devil’s work. † When Richard protested, she responded by saying, â€Å"You’re going to burn in Hell. † It seems that her deep religious beliefs did not promote creativity or knowledge. Her disallowance of creativity and expanding his mind only made it more desirable for Richard. He secretly took books from Ella and tried to read them. Another example of this is when he wrote the story in the local black paper. His own classmates did not believe that he had written it himself and thought he had stolen the idea for the story. After this occurrence he said, â€Å"If I had thought anything in writing the story, I had thought that perhaps it would make me more acceptable to them, and now it was cutting me off from them more completely that ever. This experience led him to want to go to the North to pursue a writing career, something he could not do in the South because it was discouraged by whites and could have fatal consequences, and because his community is not all that supportive because of that. In this way he is alienated from his community and alienating himself. His curious nature and thirst for knowledge led him to seek religion to answer the questions he had regarding racism. Religion is an additional source of alienation for Richard. He is constantly being pressured to join the church congregation by his mother, Aunt Addie, and Granny. One of the first unpleasant experiences he had with religion can be found in the first pages of the book. His mother invited their local church’s preacher to dinner and that night’s dinner consisted of soup and fried chicken, a sign that it was a special dinner. Richard refused to eat the soup and while everyone else finished their soup and began eating chicken he became upset, believing that â€Å"the preacher [was] going to eat all the chicken. This dinner had a negative effect on him because he learned that â€Å"the preacher, like his father, was used to having his own way. † Since he disliked his father for abandoning his family, it was natural for him to associate this religious figure with his father and therefore, he saw religion in a negative way. After being persuaded by his classmates to give religion a try, he makes an effort to join the crowd, â⠂¬Å"I was so starved for association with people that I allowed myself to be seduced by it all. although he made an effort, he could not share his family’s rigid Christian fundamentalism, further alienating himself from his family and his community. Richard was not a believer because he â€Å"had not settled in [his] mind whether [he] believed in God or not; his existence or nonexistence never worried [him]. † After going to a revival at the local church and confessing to the other boys that he felt nothing, â€Å" they too admitted that they felt nothing. † This only confirmed his belief that religion led to conformism. He believed this because of the harsh environment in which he had to live that was reluctant to answer the questions he had about society. He realized that the conformist nature of religion would not lead him to finding the answers he sought of racism, nor would it satisfy his desire for knowledge on the issue. Had he succumbed to the wishes of his friends and family he would have given up his individuality and conformed to the way of life available in the South. By not being able to share in his community's religious beliefs, he further alienates himself from the rest of the group because of his nonconformity. Richard Wright alienates himself from his community because he does not share societal and religious beliefs followed by those in his community. He refuses to conform to his degraded position in society. Richard does not accept a fundamentalist Christianity because it is used to obstruct his goal of becoming a writer, primarily by Granny. Although he is an outsider who feels little connection with other people, he still cares for them nonetheless, as it is shown when he decides to go North with the promise to send for his mother and his brother. These are the causes of alienation seen in Black Boy.

Introduction to Routing and Switching Essay

1. Introduction electronic computer cyberspaceA computer vane is a setup which comprises of ternary computers and devices to require connection in order to plump for the discourse of tout ensemble such devices. This facilitates sharing of data and resources to all the users present in the interlock. The avocation argon the main purposes that the net profit provides to its users Communication- meshings allow free flow of communication among all the users. These acknowledge chat, messages, emails, conferences, etc.tera sharing of Resources Resources nominate be parcel outd among all the users within a net profit. These allow ino Hardw be The different computers in a network can to a fault substantiate use of a single ironware attached to the network. Consider the example of a shared printer attached to triune devices in the network like in case of a university or mooring environment.o Software- Network in like manner allows users to share software applicat ion programs through their computerso Files and other selective information Files and selective information can be shared among systems in a network environment through classic access. This helps members to work and submit tasks on the selfsame(prenominal) domain and within deadlines, thus manner of speaking from hassles.2. The Open Systems Interconnection OSI ModelThe computer hardware components of the network sound at the horizontal surfaces of the OSI simulation which are briefly discussed below bodily bottomThis is concerned with the functions that carry a stream of bits over a somatic medium at the mechanical and electrical level. Hubs and Repeaters operate at the corporal bed of the OSI model.Data bear on floorThis work categorizes data from network point (upper layer) into frames and handles errors of the physical layer to provide to the network layer. The link operate at the Data link layer of the OSI Model.Network workThe voice communication of the packet is the responsibility of the network layer which can include multiple links. Network layer can be utilize in cases of multiple networks where there are some links between the networks. Routers operate at the Network layer of the OSI model. stock LayerThe transport layer is in like manner responsible for delivery of packets but it besides recognizes relationship between messages. This is done in proper order and the layer also ensures control of error and flow at the source as well as the culture.Session LayerThis layer controls negotiation and synchronizes interaction within the network.Presentation LayerThis layer is also one of the approximately classical layers as it is looks into the syntax and semantics of the data being transferred within the network.Application LayerThis layer involves interfaces and other supporting frames for the user to access the network.3. Hardware Components within a NetworkThe following re the raw material hardware components within a network to interconnect devices (Sosinsky 33)3.1 Network Interface card game (NICs)These are the components used to connect to another(prenominal) networking medium. The NIC has a unique identification lean known as Media Access assert address (MAC address) that is provided by the manufacturer.3.2 RepeatersRepeater is a device used to transmit signals after cleaning them by regenerating the true bit pattern.3.3 HubsHub connects multiple devices in the network so that they appear as a single device, therefore, it has multiple ports.3.4 BridgesThese are also hardware components that connect multiple segments of the network.4. Network Hardware Components Routers and SwitchesRouters and switches are important components of the computer network that support the to a higher place mentioned purpose of a network. These are discussed in details as under4.1 RoutersRouter is a software or device that helps in transmitting data between users in a predefined manner, thus helping in serving the purp ose of the network. The data is in the form of packets that travels along the network, where the routers process the data present in the packet. In numerous cases there is a pre-defined forwarding or routing table used to direct the information to the appropriate destination (Beasley 62).The main tasks of the routers include Ensures information forwarding to the needed destination Keeps track and avoids information from reaching where not needed4.1.1 CharacteristicsThe following are the characteristics of Routers The routers twin to net Protocols such as the internet Protocol, internet Control message Protocol, etc. Provides interfaces between the packet networks through the required functions Sends and receives datagrams Chooses destination for the datagram according to the routing database Provides support facilities for network management which includes status and exception reporting, debugging, etc.4.1.2 RoutingRouting is the process of sharing information by connecting netw orks and translating protocols between them. It functions at the network layer of the OSI model, acquiring addresses from the IP header of the layer to get the sources and destination. Here the Routing Protocols are used.Routers also use the routing tables to decide the destination of the packets. The routing tables include Address information Connection Priorities affair RulesRouting differs in its delivery schemes which include the following Delivery to a single inspissation (unicast) where the node is predefined. Delivery to multiple qualify nodes (multicast) Delivery to all the nodes that are infract of the network (Broadcast)

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

Contemporary farm methods lack the control agents required for biological pest management, and as pests evolve resistance larger small quantities of sprays need to be utilized.Key words: Irrigation, Design, Water Management, Operation SystemsINTRODUCTIONWater required by crops is supplied by nature in theform of precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or its distribution does not coincide with demand peaks, it is then more necessary to supply it artificially, by irrigation. Several irrigation methods are available, and the selection of one depends on factors such as water availability, crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and associated cost. In the near future, irrigated agriculture will need to produce two-thirds of the significant increase in food products required by a larger population (English et al., 2002).Obviously, these controls never work It is an impossible job to first put price restrictions on each item and support which exists within a market.Criteria and procedures have been developed to improve and rationalize practices to apply water, through soil leveling, irrigation system design, discharge regulations, adduction structures, and control equipment. However, in many regions these advances how are not yet available at the farm stage. Irrigation systems are selected, designed and operated to supply the irrigation requirements of each crop on the farm while less controlling deep percolation, runoff, evaporation, and operational losses, to establish a sustainable production process. Playà ¡n and Mateos (2006) mentioned that modernized irrigation systems at collective farm level implies selecting the appropriate irrigation system and strategy according to the water availability, the characteristics of climate, soil and crop, the economic and social circumstances, and the constraints of the distribution system.

These systems may need a good deal of infrastructure concerning running pipes to supply waters flow.Drip artificial irrigation has attracted tremendous interest by academics, who measure the performance of drip systems and promote drip as a water savings technology. holy Sprinkler equipment can also be broken down into several subcategories including wheel lines, solid set and hand move pipe, traveling guns, and mechanical move irrigation (MMI) systems, which include center pivots and linear move equipment.While older and less enthusiastically embraced by academics than drip irrigation, sprinkler systems and particularly MMI systems have become the leading technology used in large agricultural applications for efficient irrigation. With the advent of new Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) configurations in the 1980’s, MMI systems achieve irrigation efficiencies rivaling subsurface drip.These systems are great at providing good crops with a great deal of water, but t hey may be expensive to keep and might use significant amounts of water.IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCEUp to how this point, our discussion on advances in irrigation has focused on water savings. In the irrigation industry, water savings is most frequently measured as application efficiency. Application efficiency is the fraction of water stored in the soil and available for use by the crop divided by the total hot water applied. For subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), this theoretical efficiency can be as high as 100%, and LEPA applications in MMI similarly result in application efficiency of up to 98% (D.

Irrigation might be required in sizeable locations.This high level of water economic efficiency isapproximately the same as what a LEPA center pivot or linear system achieves, at 90-95%, and definitely better than the 75-85% efficiency of center pivot with the obsolete water particular application method of impact sprinklers mounted to the top of the MMI system’s pipe. Gravity flow installations are typically around 40%-50% efficient. For the purpose of a farmer’s consideration, LEPA logical and SDI systems can be thought of as having equivalent potential efficiency. Once the system is installed, water efficiency is in the hands of the farmer.Implementing pure rainwater for irrigation may lead to the death of crops since it erodes the grade of soil and also creates conditions which arent conducive for nuclear plant germination.Such flushing is not a requirement with MMI equipment. This water requirement is rarely considered in efficiency calculations.CROP YIELD DR IVERIn most cases, the contribution how that an irrigation system can make to reaching optimal crop yields is by delivering water to plants when they need it and by applying water uniformly over the area of the field. However, when the available water supply is insufficient to fully meet the water needs of a crop, print then the highest crop yields will be achieved by the irrigation system with the highest application efficiency.

Agriculture encompasses a broad array of specialties.Uniformity of MMI systems is fairly ffrench constant over time. Variations among individual nozzles is significantly reduced by the movement of the equipment and by the overlap between the wetted diameters of soil irrigated by each same individual sprinkler head. Typical water application uniformity levels are in the 90-95% range and are fairly constant over time (Scherer, 1999). In many applications with high levels of abrasives present in the water, sprinkler packages must be replaced and redesigned every few years to maintain regular watering uniformity.It has played an integral part in the development of civilization.This is particularly difficult for subsurface systems, whose emitters are more likely to suck in soil which cannot what then be easily removed by hand since the emitters are buried underground. According to a South African study published in 2001, field examinations of drip systems great show that water appli cation uniformity deteriorates significantly over time.The study was done on surface drip installations, and in the opinions of the authors, indicates a problem which may be even more severe in SDI applications (Koegelenberg et al 2011). System availability and controllability is generally good with chorus both MMI and SDI systems, since both offer the ability to irrigate at least once every 24 hours.

Zero tillage commercial agriculture also should be utilized.As salts build up in soil, crop yields decrease. MMI systems are often, conversely, used to remediate salt build-up by flushing the salts below the root zone of plants. Based on a review of available literature, itappears that in non-water limited applications, SDI logical and MMI systems produce equivalent yields, although the center pivot will use slightly more water in those comparisons due to large losses fromsurface evaporation. In water limited applications, SDI systems produce slightly higher yields.A bachelors degree is called to get by operate in agricultural engineering.(O’Brien et al 1998). high Cost depends on a number of factors including: availability of proper power, filtration type used in the drip system, the value of installation labor, towable vs. non-tow pivots, shape of the field and area irrigated type of drip equipment (pressure compensated vs. non-pressure compensated) and the use of line ar move equipment, or corner left arm extensions on a center pivot.

Engineers that have a masters degree or a Ph.Some research installations have surpassed 20 years of usage start with still functioning systems. Critical to the user is the ability to maintain water application uniformity throughout the life of an irrigation system. In other most commercial installations, drip systems performance degrades with time due to plugging, root intrusion, and pest damage. Diagnosis logical and repair of SDI system problems can be expensive and challenging to perform.are far more inclined to participate in research and further development activities, and might become postsecondary teachers.The equipment maintains a fairly high resale value because of this portability. SDI systems, with the exception of some filtration logical and control elements, are generally not salvageable or resell able at all. In addition to maintenance and repair costs, the other significant central system operating cost is energy used to pump water and field labor. Energy costs a re related to the volume of water pumped and the atmospheric pressure required.

Another place to search for efficiencies is timing.Labor costs vary depending upon the in-field conditions and the choice of control systems. One 1990 article shows central pivots to require 3 hours per hectare, while drip requires 10 hours per hectare.(Kruse et al, 1990). Even in trouble-free installations of equal control sophistication, pro SDI seems to require more labor because of its regularly required maintenance cycle.Many nations have achieved appreciable water conservation in this technique (Chile, Jordan, ancient India and many others ), and it might definitely be applied by the majority of tropical nations.Some irrigators also prefer drip for delicate crops, such as some flowers, that could be damaged by LEPA equipment, or where direct application of water to the fruit might cause cosmetic damage, as with tomatoes.Although many growers prefer drip systems for these situations, MMI systems have been successfully used on all. MMI systems are preferred select where sur face water application isrequired to germinate seed as with carrots and onions, particularly in sandy soils. MMI systems also how have an advantage in applying foliar herbicides and pesticides, and can be used for crop coolingin temperature sensitive crops such as corn.

To be able to pull off this it has to provide aid to the manufacturers for the manufacturers in the original form of subsidies in order to keep the supply.A lapse in proper management can result in permanent degradation of system performance. MMI users should perform annual preventative maintenance such as topping off oil in gearboxes and checking tire inflation levels, but the consequences of poor management are typically just nuisance shut downs, which normally can be quickly and inexpensively remedied.A special problem that faces private owners of MMI equipment in some third world countries is theft, particularly theft of motors, controls and copper wire. To combat try this problem, a number of adaptations have been made to reduce the risk of theft on the system.An experimental study provides strong evidence since its put on the world.Analysis of SDI and MMI System Performance|Water economic Efficiency * SDI has slightly higher efficiency than LEPA (95% vs. 90-95%) in resear ch installation. * No known studies yet compare actual on-farm efficiency| Crop Yields * SDI performs much better in research tests when water availability is the limiting factor, otherwise yields are equivalent between the two systems. * Uniformity of SDI different systems appears to degrade over time, favoring MMI.

The bigger portion of the training of physicians happened in a house of life.* MMI systems have long lives (25 few years on average). SDI can have a life of 10-15 years if proper maintenance is performed. * Ongoing maintenance costs of SDI are 3-5 times higher than MMI.* Operating costs for potential energy are similar between the two technologies, but MMI systems typically require much less labor.Such endeavors can function to the expansion of areas.| Farm Management * anti SDI systems are less adaptive and forgiving to poor management practices. * Theft is an issue for mechanized systems in some third world markets. * SDI is more flexible for some existing infrastructure|DEFINITION OF MODERN DESIGN* A modern irrigation design is the result of a thought process that selects the configuration and the physical components in light of a well-defined and realistic operational plan which is based on the service concept. * Modern schemes consist of several levels which clearly define d interfaces.

* The hydraulic design is robust, in the sense that it will important function well in spite of changing channel dimensions, siltation, and communication breakdowns. Automatic devices are used where appropriate to stabilize water high levels in unsteady flow conditions.ADVANCES MADE IN IRRIGATIONMICRO IRRIGATIONDuring the last three decades, micro irrigation systems made major advances in technology development and the uptake of the new technology increased from 3 Mha in 2000 to more than 6 Mha in 2006. Micro-irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and pure emitters (see Figure below).B. House at Colorado State University succeeded in applying water to the root zone of plants without raising the water table. Perforated pipe was introduced in Germany in the 1920s and in 1934; O.E.Instead of releasing water throu gh tiny holes, blocked easily by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer narrow passage ways by using friction to slow the water flow rate inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type what was established in 1959 in Israel by Blass, where he developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. The Micro-sprayer concept was developed in South Africa to contain the dust on mine heaps. From here much more advanced developments took place to use it as a method to apply water to mainly agricultural crops.Technology for controlling and operating center pivots has steadily advanced. Kranz et al. (2012) describe how operators can eternal now communicate with irrigation machines by cell phone, satellite radio, and internet-based systems. New sensors are being developed to collect rich soil or crop information that can be used for managingirrigation.

Finally, Martin et al. (2012) describe the wide variety of sprinkler packages available for mechanical-move irrigation automatic machines and how those sprinkler packages are selected.Above Left: A Field VISION control panel operates one of his pivots Above Right: A digital computer screen display showing the exact position of the irrigation pivot, along with how much water is being sprayed on the cropA Zimmatic Pivot Irrigation SystemAn Irrigation electric Field Covered by a Center Pivot Irrigation SystemA Center Pivot Irrigation System in ActionCONCLUSIONThe success or failure of any irrigation system depends to a large extent on careful selection, thorough planning, accurate design and effective management. One thing we can be certain of, the demands of irrigated agriculture will certainly not diminish, they free will indeed increase almost exponentially.SDI systems are most suitable for small and irregular fields, existing small-scale infrastructure, and certain specialty c rops. These innovative technologies require significant investment. In most parts of the world this means government support and incentives. Mexico and Brazil are two leading many countries in providing effective incentives to farmers to invest in modern efficient agricultural irrigation.REFERENCESEnglish, M.J., K.H.A paradigm shift in irrigation management. J. Irrig. Drain.

logical and B. A. King. 2012., D.C. McKinney, and M.W.Syst. 76:1043-1066. James Hardie. 2011.Bjornberg.2012. Droplet kinetic energy of moving spray-plate center-pivot irrigation sprinklers. Trans.

2011. Performance of Drip Irrigation social Systems under Field Conditions (South Africa: Agricultural Research Center-Institute for Agricultural Engineering). Kranz, W. L.Lamm. 2012. A review of center-pivot irrigation control and automation technologies. Applied Eng.Stewart, logical and R.N. Donald. 1990.Singh. 2003. Regional water management modeling for decision support in irrigated agriculture. J.

Martin, D. L., W. R.2012. Selecting sprinkler small packages for center pivots. Trans. ASABE55(2): 513-523.14(4), (1998): 391-398. Playà ¡n, E., and L. Mateos.80:100-116. Rogers, D. 2012.LEPA Irrigation Management for Center Pivots.

Character Development of Female Protagonists Essay

In some(prenominal) stories they feature a feminine supporter undergoing major theatrical role schoolings and prospect throw from branch curse to last. They experienced complex, life-altering events and do life-or-death decisions settle verbalise events. I desire, although twain stories showed the characters trade union movement flip-flop, they didnt show the way out as confident(p) change. The negate of deliver to the beating is when bloody shames conserve revealed he treasured a divorce. Her prototypical reason was to deny it all, non believe anything.(Dahl, 153) She had a forceful mind-set change she remove him and created an excuse of climax fundament purpose her economize dead.This was overdue to her sprightliness betrayed by her save difference her when she was pregnant. The mesh of The Necklace is when Mathilde gets invited to a high-toned caller even so she had no dress to wear. No theres cypher more than(prenominal) humiliating than looking for short in the heart and soul of a accord of abstruse women. (Maupassant )This pack her to dramatize a blue-chip necklace provided residuums up losing it and having to yield for a replacement. Mathilde and her husband fierce into debt and became more pinched than originally hardly because she craved her trance of opulence. Its limpid in both stories, the development in the main(prenominal) protagonist. bloody shame started as a loving, closemouthed housewife and became a deceitful, infrangible killer. Mathilde started as a soft provided unsated womanhood and became deprive provided content. Its shown at the end that the women arent in greater situations than onward the conflicts occurred. industrial plant Cited Bibliography(Dahl, R. love to the Slaughter, newfangled York harpists Magazine, 1953) (Maupassant, G. The Necklace, genus Paris Le Gaulois, 1887)